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Christina
Polk
Christina Polk, daughter
of Deliah (Tyler) Polk, wife of Isaac
McCoy, and daughter of Capt. Chas. Polk of Shelby
Co., Ky. was born in Shelby Co., Ky on the 18th day of November
1787, and married on the sixteenth year of her age. She was
a member of the Baptist church, and in her, God gave her husband
just such a helper as he needed to aid and comfort him in all
his subsequent labor, provations and sufferings.
The Indian Advocate of July
1846 says of her, "No other woman we apprehend, could
or would have so cheerfully met all the trials which befell
her in those long years of suffering and toll, in her efforts
to aid and sustain her husband in prosecuting his benevolent
plans in behalf of the aborigines of America. But she seems
to have drank and zealously into all his plans and labors,
in behalf of the Indians, as he did himself"
Twelve years after their marriage,
her husband in his autobiography wrote of her, "Of all
the earthly blessings which God has bestowed upon me, she
is most precious. Her uncommon fortitude and mild disposition
have often cleared the clouds of despair which have hovered
around, and caused me to forget my troubles." (Page 26)
Years afterwards, when Isaac
McCoy located his Carey Mission among the Indians, near Niles,
Michigan, he pitched his camp near a beautiful stream and
lake, both now known as Christiana. John C. McCoy, his son
and early pioneer of Kansas City, Mo., left written on the
page of an old book, the following: "My father, Isaac
McCoy, named a little stream in northern Indiana, in Elkhart
County, hitherto unnamed for my mother, Christiana. He said
the clear, placid cheerful brook made him think of his wife,
of her buoyant, unruffled nature." He wrote further --
"Christiana Creek"
"This is the name of a
bright sparkling stream that empties into the St. Joseph river
a mile or two above the mouth of Elkhart river, on the north
side and twelve or fifteen miles from and above South Bend,
Indiana. Unlike the turgid, sluggish streams of Missouri and
Kansas, its waters are clear and sparkling, leaping ad bubbling
over its Sandy pebble bottom in a swift rapid current, and
to me the name which this bright beautiful stream bears has
a peculiar attraction, for it is the name of my sainted Mother,
and it was to commemorate her bright, cheerful, hopeful, loving
nature that honored it with the baptismal name of Christina,
Sixty years have passed since it was named, and yet what a
flood of memories crowd back upon me at its mention. I was
then a stipling less than ten years old, and now have nearly
numbered my three score years and ten. Oh, how vividly and
mournfully pleasing are the recollections of that event. From
my father, Isaac McCoy, it received its name under peculiar
circumstances, and he knew and understood and only properly
estimated her sterling worth, her devotion to him, her children
and her God."
On the 14th day of August 1909,
Orville T. Chamberlain, a prominent citizen and attorney for
many years in Elkhart County, prior thereto, wrote me, - "Christiana
Creek, which runs South from Christiana Lake in Ontera Township,
Cass County, Michigan to Elkhart, Ind. About ten miles and
empties into St. Joseph River at Elkhart, Ind. was named by
Rev. Issac McCoy, in honor of his wife. This stream furnishes
power for a gristmill at Adamsville, Cass. Co., Michigan,
and about thirteen miles west of Adamsville, Michigan, at
the place where Christiana Creek leaves the lake. The Carey
Mission was abandoned when the United States Government removed
the Potawattama Indians from the vicinity, to the Indian Territory.
Jacob Ellis, who died at Elkhart some years ago, was one of
the men who escorted the Indians to their new home. The removing
party was under the charge of Alexis Coquillard of South Bend,
Indiana, and was called "Cutte-aw" by the Indians.
Soon after the death of Isaac
McCoy, there appeared in the Indian Advocate the following:
"The death of our late
Corresponding Secretary, Elder I. McCoy, having left his venerable
companion in her old age among us, a bereaved and afflicted
monument of the sacrifices to missionary life common among
missionaries, especially of those who have labored to the
red man's welfare.
We concluded that the following
narrative of the sufferings of Sister McCoy's mother and brother
and sisters in childhood from the Indians might interest friends
of the Indian Missions. In view of the sufferings of her family
from Indian cruelty, and her own sacrifices for their good,
we have a most sublime exhibition of the effects; of our holy
religion, which can thus render a person unmindful of injury,
and influences them to toil and suffer for the welfare of
those from whose hands they receive nothing but evil. Such
a spectacle is exhibit in the life of Sister McCoy. She is
the seventh child of Mrs. Polk, the wife of Capt. Polk, who
was the principal sufferer in the long and dreary captivity,
which the following narrative reveals. She was the second
child born after her release from captivity and was born four
years after that gloomy event, yet Sister McCoy had devoted
the best days of her life to the welfare of the Indians and
still feels as anxious to do as she did in her younger years"
William Polk, who wrote this
account of the captivity of his mother, shared it with her
and was the little boy that the Indians dressed in Indian
apparel and styled him "The son of the Chief."
Excerpt from this narrative:
Capt. Charles Polk, the father
of Mrs. Christiana McCoy, with his family, consisting of his
wife and four children, in the year 1781 settled at Linns
Station about twelve miles from Louisville, Ky and having
taken alarm at the depredations of the Indians in the neighborhood,
took up their abode in one of the three forts in the vicinity,
which were situated some fifteen miles apart for protection.
While Captain Polk and his men were seeking to protect another
fort, the Indians made their appearance before William Polk;
the captive boy thus describes the one in which the mother
and children had sought refuge, and the attack, long after
he became a man.
"On a clear and bright
morning, the moon shining in her meridian splendor, the 31st
of August, 1782, about one hour before the break of day, the
first alarm to the unfortunate inmates was the war-whoop of
the Indians as they assailed the fort from different quarters
and obtained immediate possession by climbing the walls and
unroofing the cabins. Descending from the outside, one man
defended his house until his wife and one child were killed,
when seizing his other child, a boy about fours years old,
he made his escape. The remaining inmates, about thirty in
number were taken prisoners and the fort burned. It was known
for many years afterwards as the "Burnt Station".
On the evening of the day of our calamity, Co. Floyd was advised
to consult what course would be proper to pursue, and the
general opinion was in favor of an immediate pursuit. To this,
Capt. Polk strongly objected, urging that a pursuit would
tend to the massacre of all the prisoners, as the Indians
would keep scouts in their rear, on their retreat, so that
a surprise could not be calculated upon and that as it was
it might be possible for him some time to recover his family.
Known as he was for his determined bravery, perseverance and
patience and from his amiable and conciliatory course, being
universally beloved, a pursuit was not attempted.
The Indians after taking whatever
of the property of the inhabitants they could travel (rest
torn off) after sunrise they commenced their retreat with
their prisoners, in all about thirty, including Mrs. Polk
and her four children, the eldest a boy of seven years of
age, the others daughters, the youngest two years old and
herself in that situation that but faint of a forced march
through the wilderness, which the reader will understand when
informed that her second son was born at Detroit on the 27th
of the ensuing October. On the first day of their captivity,
circumstances occurred which though of minor importance, it
is believed, from what was afterwards learned from the Indians,
influenced their treatment to Mrs. Polk and her children,
and probably was the means of preserving her life, which will
be detailed in a manner that may appear tedious and unnecessary.
The apology is that it is given
as an illustration of the Indian character to show that even
among the untutored savages there are traits of benevolence
and humanity that are worth to be preserved.
At the first assault of the
fort, Mrs. Polk having her two youngest children in the same
bed with her, immediately arose taking a child under each
arm attempted to wake her two eldest children, but before
she succeeded the Indians broke into the house, seized her
two children, hurried her out and shortly after to their camp
within about half a mile of the fort.
After daylight, in looking
over the encampment, she discovered all prisoners taken except
her own two children, from which she inferred that the had
not been discovered in the darkness within the house and (rest
of line torn off) to her affliction, that she had not succeeded
in wakening them out of their sleep.
It will here be proper to mention
that the Indian Chief had arrived in the vicinity of the fort,
previous to the departure of Capt. Polk and his men from their
hiding places and has witnessed his leaving for the purpose
of joining Col. Floyd. One of the first inquiries in the morning
after arriving at their encampment was for the Chief's squaw
and papooses. When pointed out to them, they appeared much
pleased that they had taken them prisoners - said the Chief
would be much disappointed on his return to find his family
all taken away from him.
I have heard Mrs. Polk say
she could observe a marked difference in the treatment of
her children and the others taken. On the second morning they
painted her son in Indian style, decorated him in feathers
and some Indian trinkets and called him "The Young Chief
of the Long Knife", the name given the Kentuckians by
the Indians of that day.
Shortly after sunrise they
commenced their march, Mrs. Polk carrying her youngest child
and Mrs. Ash (whose family had been taken the preceding year,
as I have previously named) carrying hers, only a few months
old. After travelling a short distance, the Indians took their
children from them (for the purpose, as they supposed, of
murdering them) and directed them to march, Mrs. Ash observing
if they killed her child she would go no farther with them.
They rapidly pursued their journey for about twelve miles,
when they halted. In a short time the Indian, who had taken
Mrs. Polk's child (rest of line torn off) time since their
captivity, which much relieved her anxiety on their account.
Mrs. Ash repeated that as they had murdered her child, she
would go no further.
Having crossed no stream of
water thus far, Mrs. Polk, form her anxiety, fatigue and thirst,
was so exhausted that she could scarcely breathe. The Indians
had brought with them many watermelons from the fort and while
refreshing themselves with them, she held out her hand as
a request for a part to relieve her thirst, which was answered
by a general laugh and shout of approbation, and some ten
or twelve of them handed her slices, which she divided among
the prisoners around her, offering Mrs. Ash a part, saying
it would relieve her thirst, which she refused by a shake
of the head, without speaking. The Indians' countenances immediately
changed to anger; they began a conversation among themselves,
when one came forward, stripped her of her upper garments,
and in a few minutes started the prisoners, making signs to
Mrs. Ash to take her child, a boy two years old and march.
After they had proceeded a short distance they distinctly
heard the tomahawk strike her head, she uttered a scream simultaneous
with their war-whoop and all was silent. They continued their
march until near sunset, traveling this day about thirty miles
before they encamped for the night. The Indian who claimed
Mrs. Polk and her youngest child her prisoners, being of a
surly temper, proposed killing her that night, saying she
could not travel as far next day as they wished to go, to
which proposal his brother, of a more humane disposition,
objected and proposed to defer the (three word torn off) the
next evening (line torn off) a reason why she should be saved,
the circumstance of the watermelon, as related above.
The next morning the Indian
who had first proposed saving her life in the council of the
preceding evening, by signs informed her that in two days
they would cross the big water and they called the Ohio River,
where they had horses and should ride then. Thus encouraged
and stimulated to go as far as she could, a mother's desire
to know what would be the fate of her children, the second
day passed off as the first, by rapid march and contrary to
her expectation she made the journey as the day before. The
same Indian who had interceded for her in council the previous
evening again prevailed in suspending a decision until the
next evening.
The third day passed off in
the same manner until late in the afternoon, when within a
few hundred yards of the Ohio River, her foot slipped in a
small hole in the ground and being unable to extricate herself,
she quietly sat down to await her fate, which she believed
would be immediate death. Her ill disposed master, with a
slight kick and surly voice, ordered her to march; she shook
her head signifying she could not. He immediately drew his
tomahawk from his scabbard and raised it over his heard for
the purpose of dispatching his victim at a single blow, but
his more humane brother, who was immediately behind him, caught
it in his hand as he drew it back and commenced a conversation
in an earnest tone of remonstrance with which Mrs. Polk though
continued two or three minutes before he let go of the tomahawk
which (rest of line torn off) had crossed the river in their
advances and concealed a short distance up the Kentucky River,
above its junction with the Ohio. He assisted her on board
and observing her feet and legs much swelled, he took his
knife and ripped open her moccasins, which they had given
her to put on at the commencement of the journey and which,
on account of the swelling, could not be gotten off in any
other way. On taking them off, her toe nail came off with
a large portion of the skin on the bottom of her feet, which
appeared to excite the sympathy of the Indians in the canoe;
he then directed her to bathe her feet by pouring water on
them while crossing. Having crossed over, he assisted her
up the bank and brought her child and blanket to her; hen
went and brought some oil, or rather marrow procured from
the bones of the buffaloes which a few Indians, who had been
left to hunt and take care of the canoes had procured and
directed her to rub her feet with the marrow. He then handed
her a large, soft pair of moccasins to put on after which
he said she could sleep and would be better in the morning.
From her pain and sufferings, she had but little hopes of
living to see the morning light; but to satisfy the kind Indian
who appeared to take such an interest in preserving her life,
she did as he directed and contrary to her expectations the
remedies applied so far relieved her that for the first night
during her captivity she slept soundly and was so far relieved
that I have many years afterward often heard her declare that
the whole scene of that afternoon and night still appeared
to her a most extra ordinary and miraculous interposition
of Divine goodness for her preservation. (Part of this line
torn off) another council to decide on her fate, believing
that she could not live to travel to their villages. At this
council and elderly Indian who had not before interfered was
the first to object, saying she had lived and traveled so
far that he believed the Great Spirit would not permit them
to kill her and if they attempted it he would be angry with
them and they could not prosper; being joined by others, his
advise prevailed and from this time they gave over all thought
of killing her under any circumstances. This day being the
fourth of their captivity, they traveled but a few miles,
before they arrived at a camp, where a few old men had remained
to hunt during their absence on their war excursion, where
thy remained the balance of the day and here were the horses
which has been named to Mrs. Polk as an ecouragement for her
to pursue the journey. From this point, the next morning,
being the fourth of Septemberm, the Indians separated into
small bands for the convenience of hunting for their support
on their journey, Mrs. Polk and her two youngest children
being attached to one band and her two eldest belonging to
another, they were separated, much to the grief of the afflicted
mother.
The party with Mrs. Polk proceeded
to their villages on the Auglaise River, where they arrived
on the 10th of Spetember, where after remaining four days,
they started for Detroit with their prisoners, retaining her
youngest daughter, as they informed her, to raise as one of
their own squaws, which much increased her grief. At the rapids
of the Miami or Roche De Bout, as it was called, they rested
one day. Here was a trader from Detroit who had been acquainted
with Capt. Polk previous to the commence (rest of the line
torn) the Indians related the result of their council in determining
on Mrs. Polk's case, who informed her thereof and pointed
out to her the Indian who eloquently pleaded in her behalf
at the last council. While waiting here, the Indians came
up with Mrs. Polk's son, having disposed of her daughter to
the Shawnees at one of their villages in the vicinity of Piqua,
on the Great Miami, she having been taken sick and as they
said, they were afraid she would die on the journey and they
would get nothing for her. From here they proceeded to Detroit
where they arrived about the 25th of September and gave up
suck prisoners as they brought with them to Co. De Peyster,
the Commander of the British forces at that point, who treated
them with the kindest of attention and humanity. A comfortable
house was provided for Mrs. Polk and her two children, in
common with a small and excellent family of prisoners, who
had been taken by Co. Bird in his celebrated expedition against
Riddles & Martin Station in Kentucky, in the year 1780,
where she lived as comfortable as the nature of the case would
permit; but the situation of her two children left with the
Indians, her anxiety on their account and her sufferings and
exposure on the journey had much impaired her health, so that
fears were entertained for her life. For a short time after
her arrival, on the 27th of October, as before stated, her
second son was born, after which her attention to her infant
so engrossed her mind, together with the assurance of Col.
DePeyster, the commander and Col. McKee, the Superintendent
of the Indian Department, that they would procure the release
of her children from the Indians, she became more reconciled
to her situation and her health improved. By industry and
economy with the use of her needle, she was supplied with
provisions by the British Government. She lived much more
comfortable during the winter than could have been anticipated.
Early in the spring messengers were dispatched to he Indian
Country by Colonels De Peyster and McKey in search of her
children and such others of the prisoners as the Indians had
retained and on the 1st of July she had the pleasure of receiving
her children under her own maternal care, where we will leave
them in the full enjoyment of their happiness for the present
and return to Capt.Polk.
No immediate pursuit of the Indians havging been attempted,
fearing it would lead to a massacre of the prisoners, Capt.
Polk, with a few friends about ten days afterwards, followed
on the trails with a view of ascertaining, if practicable,
the fate of the prisoners. He found the remains of three children
and Mrs. Ash, who were the only prisoners murdered after they
left the fort. From the decayed teeth, he was able satisfactorily
to ascertain that it was not Mrs. Polk who had been murdered.
General Clark having determined
on a campaign against the Shawnee villages on the Great Miami,
Capt. Polk was among the first to approve of the measure and
he commanded a company in that expedition.
The Indians having discovered
the advance of Gen. Clark's army, a few miles from their villages,
fled without making any resistance, so that but few were either
killed or taken prisoners. (first word torn off) were sent
in pursuit to destroy the different villages and their corn
and vegetables being the onlymethod whereby they could be
made to feel the distress of war. Capt. Polk took an active
part in these excursions, in hopes of recovering some of his
family, but was disappointed; a few prisoners were taken and
their villages destroyed. In one of thses excursions Co. Mc
Kee, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, narrowlyescaped
being captured, as he afterwards informed Capt. Polk when
at Detroit after his family.
On the return of Gen. Clark
to his headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky, he was advised
there were strong hopes during the winter of pearce being
confirmed. He immediately dispatched a messenger with a flag.,
accompanied by one of his Indian prisoners, and a letter to
Col. McKee, proposing an exchange of prisoners, first of all
to release
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